Home > Research Guide - Citation Styles, RefWorks & EndNote (Citation Management Tool)

APA Style
Website

The Basics of APA Style
Style and Grammar Guidelines by American Psychological Association

Books


  
Concise rules of APA style
808.06615 CON 2020
 
Pocket guide to APA style
808.06615 PER 2020
 
MLA Style
Website

MLA Style
Citations by Format 
by MLA Style Center

Books


MLA handbook
808.027 MLA 2021 
MLA論文寫作手冊 = MLA handbook
 811.4 1008 2022
Harvard Style
Websites

About Harvard style
by University of Newcastle
Harvard - Citing and Referencing
by Monash University
Harvard System
by Anglia Ruskin University  
What is APA 7th Citation?
APA (American Psychological Association) style is commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. 

The APA referencing style is an "author-date" style, the citation consists of the author(s) and the year of publication.

There are two parts to referencing:
  • Citations within the text of your paper
  • Reference list at the end of your paper
Quick Guide
Reference List Format:
Author. (Year of Publication). Title. (Edition). Publisher. DOI or URL.  
Examples:
  Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation Reference list
One author (Harris, 2014) Harris (2014)
Harris, L. E. (2014). Canadian copyright law. (4th ed.). Willey.
Two authors (Adler & Elmhorst, 2022) Adler & Elmhorst  (2022)
Adler, R. B., & Elmhorst, J. M. (2022).  Communicating at work : strategies for success in business and the professions  (13th edition. ed.).  McGraw-Hill Education.
Three or more authors (Steger et al., 2017) Steger et al. (2017)
Steger, M., Delle Fave, A., Passmore, J., & Oades, L. G. (2017).  The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Positivity and Strengths-Based Approaches at Work.   John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118977620
Group author with abbreviation
First citation:
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2020) World Health Organization (WHO, 2020)
World Health Organization. (2020). Improving early childhood development : WHO guideline. World Health Organization.
 
Subsequent citation: (WHO, 2020) WHO (2020)
Group author without abbreviation (Stanford University Press, 2014) Stanford University Press, (2014)
Stanford University Press (2014). Architects of Austerity: International Finance and the Politics of Growth (1st ed.). Stanford University Press.
 
Reference List Format:
Author. (Year of Publication). Title of Article. Title of Journal, Volume, (Issue No.), Page Range of Article. DOI or URL
Examples:
  Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation Reference list
One author (Marjanovic,  2022) Marjanovic, O.  (2022)
Marjanovic,  O. (2022).  A novel mechanism for business analytics value creation: improvement of knowledge-intensive business processes. Journal of Knowledge Management, 26 (1), 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-09-2020-0669
Two authors (Casey & O’Brien,  2020) Casey & O’Brien (2020)
Casey, E., & O’Brien, D. (2020). Sociology, Sociology and the Cultural and Creative Industries. Sociology, 54 (3), 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520904712
Three or more authors (Mariani et al., 2022) Mariani et al. (2022)
Mariani, M. M., Perez‐Vega, R., & Wirtz, J. (2022). AI in marketing, consumer research and psychology: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Psychology & Marketing, 39 (4), 755–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21619
Reference List Format:
AV Materials stand alone.
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Type]. Production Company. URL
AV Materials that are part of a greater whole.
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of episode/song [Type]. Title. Production Company. URL
Example:
media Include as the Author Reference list
Online Streaming Video Person or group who uploaded the video
TED. (2021, January 21). Using your voice is a political choice | Amanda Gorman [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaZBgqfEa1E
Film Director
Davidson, J. (Director). (1998). B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Film]. Davidson Films.
TV Series Executive Producer(s)
Simon, D., Colesberry, R.F., & Kostroff Noble, N. (Executive Producers). (2002-2008). The wire [TV series]. Blown Deadline Productions; HBO.
TV Series Episode Writer and Director of episode
Cain, W. (Writer), & Robinson, L. (Director). (2020). Eye of the needle (Season 1, Episode 14) [TV series episode]. In S. Schechter, S. Sklaver, C. Fedak, & G. Berlanti (Executive Producers), Prodigal son. Warner Bros. Television; Fox Entertainment.
Podcast Host or Executive Producer
Titi & Zakiya (Hosts). ((2019, April 11). Lab 005: Wakanda forever [Audio podcast episode]. In Dope labs Spotify Studios. https://www.dopelabspodcast.com/podcast-episodes/wakanda
Podcasr Episode Host of Episode
Vedantam, S. (Host). (2019, December 9). Zipcode destiny: The persistent power of place and education [Audio podcast episode]. In Hidden brain. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/12/09/786469762/zipcode-destiny-the-persistent-power-of-place-and-education
Classical Music Album or Song Composer
Mozart, W. A. (2011). Concerto for violin and orchestra, no. 4 in D major, K.218 [Song recorded by Pinchas Zukerman and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra]. In S. Schechter, S. Sklaver, C. Fedak, & G. Berlanti (Executive Producers), On Concerto for violin and orchestra, no. 4 in D major, K.218. Deutsche Grammophon. (Original work published 1775).
Modern Music Album or Song Recording artist
Ronson, M. (feat. Cabello, C.). (2019). Find u again [Song]. On Late night feelings. Columbia.
Artwork Artist
van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-starry-night-1889/
Photograph Photograph
Ungaro, F. (2019). Brown turtle underwater [Photograph]. Pexels. https://www.pexels.com/photo/brown-turtle-underwater-3150271/
Instagram & facebook Reference List Format:
Author/ Name of Group [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Content of post up to the first 20 words [Description of AV Material]. Media. URL
Examples:
  Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation Reference list
Instagram photo (University of Southern California, 2019) University of Southern California (2019) University of Southern California [@uscedu]. (2023, January 2). And just like that, a new year's in bloom...What are you looking forward to in #2023? [Photograph]. Instagram.  https://www.instagram.com/p/Cm4i0MVr0Iy/
Instagram Highlight (The Conscious Kid, n.d.) The Conscious Kid (n.d.)
The Conscious Kid [@theconsciouskid]. (n.d.). Rethinking Dr. Seuss [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved January 16, 2023, from http://bit.ly/2wXO1NN
Facebook Post (University of Southern California, 2019) University of Southern California (2019)
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020, March 14). Thank you Natália Loewe Becker, our Goodwill Ambassador, for joining the #SafeHands challenge and helping us beat the coronavirus! [Video]. Facebook. http://bit.ly/2Uadlrz
Facebook Page (The Conscious Kid, n.d.) The Conscious Kid (n.d.)
The Conscious Kid. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 16, 2023, from http://bit.ly/2wXO1NN
Twitter Reference List Format:
Author/ Name of Group [@Username]. (Year, Month Day). Content of post up to the first 20 words [Description of AV Material]. Media. URL
Examples:
  Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation Reference list
Tweet (APA Style, 2018) APA Style (2018)
APA Style [@APA_Style]. (2018, October 2). #APAStyle covers more than references and citations. Have you seen our blog posts about principles of good writing? http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/principles-of-good-writing/ …   [Tweet with link attached]. Twitter.  https://twitter.com/APA_Style/status/1047143280075509761
Twitter Profile (Carol Folt, n.d.) Carol Folt (n.d.)
Carol Folt [@PresidentFolt]. (n.d.). Tweets  [Twitter profile]. Twitter.  Retrieved January 16, 2023, from https://twitter.com/PresidentFolt
Twitter Profile (Aliyah, 2019) Aliyah (2019)
Aliyah [@steeleio_]. (2019, February 19). My roommate’s cat is always breaking out of her bathroom. I set up this hidden camera to find out how...and y’all....i-  [Twitter moment]. Twitter.  https://twitter.com/i/moments/1098926026502127616
In-text citations (Parenthetical vs Narrative)
Parenthetical Citations
Useauthor-date citation system when it is not easy to use narrative citation, and identify authors' names in-text. Include names, dates, and pages in parentheses.
Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016)
Direct Quote, quote within 1 page
"Sometimes I feel quite CERTAIN there's a JERTAIN in the CURTAIN" (Seuss, 1974, p. 4).
Direct Quote, quote 2 pages
"The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (Seuss, 2007, pp. 7-8).

Narrative Citations
When you write out the author's name as you write their quote, or paraphrase their work:
Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
Direct Quote
In his scholarly study, Dr. Seuss observed that "the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (2007, pp. 7-8).
Direct Quote
In 2007Dr. Seuss suggested that "the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" (pp. 7-8).

For more detail, please visit Parenthetical Versus Narrative In-Text Citations
Reference List Format:
Author. (Year of Publication). Title. (Edition). Publisher. DOI or URL.  
Examples:
  Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation Reference list
One author (Harris, 2014) Harris (2014)
Harris, L. E. (2014). Canadian copyright law. (4th ed.). Willey.
Two authors (Adler & Elmhorst, 2022) Adler & Elmhorst  (2022)
Adler, R. B., & Elmhorst, J. M. (2022).  Communicating at work : strategies for success in business and the professions  (13th edition. ed.).  McGraw-Hill Education.
Three or more authors (Steger et al., 2017) Steger et al. (2017)
Steger, M., Delle Fave, A., Passmore, J., & Oades, L. G. (2017).  The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Positivity and Strengths-Based Approaches at Work.   John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118977620
Group author with abbreviation
First citation:
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2020) World Health Organization (WHO, 2020)
World Health Organization. (2020). Improving early childhood development : WHO guideline. World Health Organization.
 
Subsequent citation: (WHO, 2020) WHO (2020)
Group author without abbreviation (Stanford University Press, 2014) Stanford University Press, (2014) Stanford University Press (2014). Architects of Austerity: International Finance and the Politics of Growth (1st ed.). Stanford University Press.
Reference List Format:
Author. (Year of Publication). Title of Article. Title of Journal, Volume, (Issue No.), Page Range of Article. DOI or URL
Examples:
  Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation Reference list
One author (Marjanovic,  2022) Marjanovic, O.  (2022)
Marjanovic,  O. (2022).  A novel mechanism for business analytics value creation: improvement of knowledge-intensive business processes. Journal of Knowledge Management, 26 (1), 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-09-2020-0669
Two authors (Casey & O’Brien,  2020) Casey & O’Brien (2020)
Casey, E., & O’Brien, D. (2020). Sociology, Sociology and the Cultural and Creative Industries. Sociology, 54 (3), 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520904712
Three or more authors (Mariani et al., 2022) Mariani et al. (2022)
Mariani, M. M., Perez‐Vega, R., & Wirtz, J. (2022). AI in marketing, consumer research and psychology: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Psychology & Marketing, 39 (4), 755–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21619
Reference List Format:
AV Materials stand alone.
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Type]. Production Company. URL
AV Materials that are part of a greater whole.
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of episode/song [Type]. Title. Production Company. URL
Example:
 Media Type Include as the Author Reference list
Online Streaming Video Person or group who uploaded the video
TED. (2021, January 21). Using your voice is a political choice | Amanda Gorman [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaZBgqfEa1E
Film Director
Davidson, J. (Director). (1998). B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Film]. Davidson Films.
TV Series Executive Producer(s)
Simon, D., Colesberry, R.F., & Kostroff Noble, N. (Executive Producers). (2002-2008). The wire [TV series]. Blown Deadline Productions; HBO.
TV Series Episode Writer and Director of episode
Cain, W. (Writer), & Robinson, L. (Director). (2020). Eye of the needle (Season 1, Episode 14) [TV series episode]. In S. Schechter, S. Sklaver, C. Fedak, & G. Berlanti (Executive Producers), Prodigal son. Warner Bros. Television; Fox Entertainment.
Podcast Host or Executive Producer
Titi & Zakiya (Hosts). ((2019, April 11). Lab 005: Wakanda forever [Audio podcast episode]. In Dope labs Spotify Studios. https://www.dopelabspodcast.com/podcast-episodes/wakanda
Podcasr Episode Host of Episode
Vedantam, S. (Host). (2019, December 9). Zipcode destiny: The persistent power of place and education [Audio podcast episode]. In Hidden brain. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/12/09/786469762/zipcode-destiny-the-persistent-power-of-place-and-education
Classical Music Album or Song Composer
Mozart, W. A. (2011). Concerto for violin and orchestra, no. 4 in D major, K.218 [Song recorded by Pinchas Zukerman and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra]. In S. Schechter, S. Sklaver, C. Fedak, & G. Berlanti (Executive Producers), On Concerto for violin and orchestra, no. 4 in D major, K.218. Deutsche Grammophon. (Original work published 1775).
Modern Music Album or Song Recording artist
Ronson, M. (feat. Cabello, C.). (2019). Find u again [Song]. On Late night feelings. Columbia.
Artwork Artist
van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-starry-night-1889/
Photograph Photograph
Ungaro, F. (2019). Brown turtle underwater [Photograph]. Pexels. https://www.pexels.com/photo/brown-turtle-underwater-3150271/

Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation Reference list
One author (University of Southern California, 2019) University of Southern California (2019)
Two authors (Casey & O’Brien,  2020) Casey & O’Brien (2020)
Casey, E., & O’Brien, D. (2020). Sociology, Sociology and the Cultural and Creative Industries. Sociology, 54 (3), 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520904712
Three or more authors (Mariani et al., 2022) Mariani et al. (2022)
Mariani, M. M., Perez‐Vega, R., & Wirtz, J. (2022). AI in marketing, consumer research and psychology: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Psychology & Marketing, 39 (4), 755–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21619
  Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation Reference List
Instagram photo (University of Southern California, 2019) University of Southern California (2019) University of Southern California [@uscedu]. (2019, February 20). Great to have @CurbedLA take a look around the @lacoliseum today with USC VP of Auxiliary Services Dan Stimmler [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BuH0pbNAC2R/
Instagram Highlight (The Conscious Kid, n.d.) The Conscious Kid (n.d.) The Conscious Kid [@theconsciouskid]. (n.d.). Rethinking Dr. Seuss [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved January 16, 2023, fromhttp://bit.ly/2wXO1NN
Facebook Post (University of Southern California,2019) University of Southern California(2019) World Health Organization (WHO). (2020, March 14). Thank you Natália Loewe Becker, our Goodwill Ambassador, for joining the #SafeHands challenge and helping us beat the coronavirus! [Video]. Facebook. http://bit.ly/2Uadlrz
Facebook Page (The Conscious Kid,n.d.) The Conscious Kid(n.d.) The Conscious Kid. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 16, 2023, fromhttp://bit.ly/2wXO1NN
What is Chicago 17th Citation?
Chicago style is commonly used to cite humanities, sciences, and social sciences sources.

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) Notes and Bibliography and (2) Author - Date.

Notes and Bibliography System: Preferred by many working in the humanities (literature, history, and the arts).
  • Sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes.
  • Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text.
  • Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography.
Author-Date System: More common in the sciences and social sciences.
  • Sources are briefly cited in the text,
  • Usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication.
  • Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided
Notes and Bibliography System
  Notes Shortened notes Bibliography
Book
1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.
2. Smith, Swing Time, 320.
Smith, Zadie. Swing Time. New York: Penguin Press, 2016.
3. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.
4. Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind, 37.
Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.
Chapter or other part of an edited book
1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay, ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.
2. Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.
Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.
3. John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.
4. D’Agata, American Essay, 182.
D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.
Translated book
1. Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words, trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.
2. Lahiri, In Other Words, 184.
Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.
E-book
1. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.
2. Melville, Moby-Dick, 722–23.
Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.
Journal article
1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.
2. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.
Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum.” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.
3. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
4. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.
Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
5. Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.
6. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.
Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.
News or magazine article
1. Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” >New Yorker, April 17, 2017, 43.
2. Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.
Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.
Thesis or dissertation
1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.
2. Rutz, King Lear, 158.
Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.
Website content
1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
2. Google, “Privacy Policy.”
“Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51.
6. Bouman, “Black Hole.”
Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, rookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.
Author-Date System
  In-text citations Reference list entries
Book (Grazer and Fishman 2015, 12)
Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
(Smith 2016, 315–16)
Smith, Zadie. 2016. Swing Time. New York: Penguin Press.
Chapter or other part of an edited book (Thoreau 2016, 177–78)
Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.
(D’Agata 2016, 177–78)
D’Agata, John, ed. 2016. The Making of the American Essay. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.
Translated book (Lahiri 2016, 146)
Lahiri, Jhumpa. 2016. In Other Words. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
E-book (Austen 2007, chap. 3)
Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle.
(Borel 2016, 92)
Borel, Brooke. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary.
(Kurland and Lerner 1987, chap. 10, doc. 19)
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
(Melville 1851, 627)
Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York: Harper & Brothers. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.
Journal article (Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)
Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
(LaSalle 2017, 95)
LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.
(Satterfield 2016, 170)
Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum.” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.
(Bay et al. 2017, 465)
Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.
News or magazine article (Manjoo 2017)
Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.
(Mead 2017, 43)
Mead, Rebecca. 2017. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker, April 17, 2017.
(Pai 2017)
Pai, Tanya. 2017. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox, April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.
(Pegoraro 2007)
Pegoraro, Rob. 2007. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post, July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.
Thesis or dissertation (Rutz 2013, 99–100)
Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.
Website content (Bouman 2016)
(Bouman, Katie. 2016. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.
(Google 2017)
Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
(Yale University, n.d.)
Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.
Social media content (Chicago Manual of Style 2015)
Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.
(Souza 2016)
Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.
簡介
中文的引文格式尚未有統一的標準,以下例子只供參考之用。同學應按學科指定的引文格式編寫文章,如有疑問請向老師查詢。
腳註格式
[1] 古籍
1. 古籍原刻本
(朝代)作者:《書名》(版本),卷,頁碼。
(宋)司馬光:《資治通鑑》(南宋鄂州覆北宋刊龍爪本),卷 2,頁2 上。

2. 古籍影印本
(朝代)作者:《書名》(出版地:出版者,年份,《書名》),卷,頁碼。
(明)郝敬:《尚書辨解》(台北:藝文印書館,1969 年,《百部叢書集成》影印《湖北叢書》本),卷 3,頁 2 下~3 上。

[2] 現代專著
作者:《書名》(出版地:出版者,年份),頁碼。
1. 王夢鷗:《禮記校證》(台北:藝文印書館,1976 年 12 月),頁 102。
2. 李約瑟(Joseph Needham)著,杜維運等譯:《中國之科學與文明》第3冊(台北:台灣商務印書館,1995年),頁 192。

[3] 論文
1. 期刊論文
作者:〈篇名〉,《期刊名稱》期數(年月),頁碼。
(1) 曹孟陬、管世俊、裴會芳:〈非物質文化遺產保護工作的創新〉,《藝術家》第3期(2022年3月),頁16-18。
(2) 田曉菲著,何維剛、雷之波譯:〈南朝宮廷詩歌裏的王權再現與帝國想像〉,《中國文哲研究通訊》第1期(2020年3月),頁142-143。

2. 論文集論文
作者,〈篇名〉,《專著/論文集名稱》(出版地:出版者,年月),編者,頁碼。
(1) 楊貴環:〈清人手批柳宗元詩四種〉,《文學評點論稿》(南京:鳳凰出版社,2017年3月)黃霖主編,頁309-317。

3. 學位論文
作者:《論文名》(地點:畢業院校,出版者,年月),頁碼。
(1) 田寧:《清代文言小說與佛教信仰關係研究》(西安:陝西師範大學,博士論文,2020年6月),頁20。
(2) 嚴乙峰:《四庫提要周禮、儀禮類考論》(南京:南京師範大學,碩士論文,2021年3月),頁 20。

4. 會議論文
作者:〈篇名〉,「會議名稱」體裁(出版地,年月日)
(1) 劉佳瑩、王夢湖:〈清人筆記中的西域怪奇小說類型談〉,「第四屆人文科學、管理和教育技術國際學術會議」論文(新加坡,2019年6月21日)

[4] 報紙
作者:〈標題〉,《報紙名稱》,版頁,年月日。
(1) 丁邦新:〈國內漢學研究的方向和問題〉,《中央日報》,第 22 版,1988年4月2日。
參考文獻 (論文最後部份)
1. 專著
作者:《書名》(出版地:出版者,年份),頁碼。
王夢鷗:《禮記校證》(台北:藝文印書館,1976 年 12 月),頁 102。
 
2. 論文集
作者:〈論文名〉,收於編者:《書名》(出版地:出版者,年份),該文起訖頁碼。
向陽:〈七十年代現代詩風潮試論〉,林燿德主編,《文學現象》(台北:正中,1993年),頁332-342。
 
3. 期刊論文
作者:〈篇名〉,《期刊名》卷期(年月),頁碼。
胡幼峰:〈沈德潛對歷代詩體的批評〉,《幼獅學誌》第 18 卷第 4 期(1985年 10 月),頁 110-540。
 
4. 學位論文
作者:《學位論文名》(出版地:出版者,年份),頁碼。
王良和:《詩觀的衝突與主流的競逐: 香港八、九十年代詩壇的流派紛爭--以「鍾偉民現象」映照》。(香港:香港浸會大學哲學博士論文,2001年。)
 
5. 報紙文章
作者:〈篇名〉,《報紙名》版次(或副刊、專刊名稱),年月日。
楊耀忠:〈教改為提升學生質素〉,《大公報》港聞,1999年12月15日。
 
6. 電子資源
(1) 資料庫
「申公獨以詩經為訓以教,無傳(疑),疑者則闕不傳。」見司馬遷:《史記》卷一百二十一〈儒林列傳〉第六十一,「新漢籍全文資料庫」(http://hanchi.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/)(瀏覽日期:202X年X月XX日)

(2) 網站
羅倬漢:〈禮樂與社會階層〉,自讀秀網站(http://edu.duxiu. com)。本文原刊於《學原》,2卷 8期(1948 年 12 月),頁 21-25。(瀏覽日期:202X年X月X日)

(3) 網頁
龔鵬程:〈鵬程隨筆:霧鎖北京〉,龔鵬程網站(http://www.fgu.edu. tw),2005年11月 6 日發表。(瀏覽日期:20XX年XX月XX日)

★徵引資料來自網頁者,須加註網址及檢索日期。 文內數字以採用阿拉伯數字為原則,如:西元年、月、日,及部、冊、卷、期數等。

標注方式在正文需要加注的右上方按順序加注數碼(註號);註號通篇連續排列,而且一般放在句子末尾、標點外面。示例︰

八十年代以來,台灣方面有林燿德、黃凡等人 大力推廣和提倡都市文學,78九十年代以後內地也出現較多城市文學研究,79香港文學作 為較早探索都市題材的地方,應有許多可以與各地華文文學比較參照之處。

頁末的內文註腳示例︰
78 羅秀美,《文明・廢墟・後現代─台灣都市文學簡史》(台南:國立台灣文學館,2013),頁 15-25。
79 蔣述卓、王斌,〈論城市文學研究的方向〉,《學術研究》2001 年第 3 期(2001.3),頁 97-107。
 
論文最後的「主要參引文獻」
(一)專書
羅秀美,《文明・廢墟・後現代─台灣都市文學簡史》,台南,國立台灣文學館,2013。
(二)期刊論文
蔣述卓、王斌,〈論城市文學研究的方向〉,《學術研究》2001 年第 3 期(2001.3),頁 97-107。

示例摘取自︰
王家琪,〈香港文學的都市論述及其邊界〉,《中國現代文學》2020年第38期(2020.38),頁73-92。

以下為參考的引文格式
內文註腳
專著:
註號   作者,《書名》(出版地:出版者,年份),頁碼。
1   李培德,《近代中國的商會網路及社會功能》(香港:香港大學出版社,2009),頁172–73。
2   馬傑偉、吳俊雄、呂大樂編,《香港文化政治》(香港:香港大學出版社,2009),頁225–26。
 
專著篇章/論文集文章:
註號   作者,〈篇名〉,《專著/論文集名稱》(出版地:出版者,年份),頁碼。
1    李沛良,〈香港家庭與親屬體系的變遷〉,載喬健等編,《中國家庭及其變遷》(香港:香港中文大學社會科學院暨香港亞太研究所,1991),頁129– 43。

 期刊論文:
註號   作者,〈篇名〉,《期刊名稱》卷期(年月),頁碼。
1   陳韜文、李立峰,〈民意激盪中的傳媒趨同和修正政治平行:香港2003年七 一大遊行個案分析〉,《香港社會科學學報》31期(2006年秋冬季),頁16– 17。
 
學位論文:
註號   作者,《論文名》(地點:畢業院校,年份),頁碼。
1   吳青蓉,《英語科專家/生手教師教學歷程與教學效果之比較研究》(台北: 國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,1996),頁32。

翻譯書籍:
​註號   原作者著,譯者,《書名》(原書名)(出版地:出版者,年份)。
1   Lev S. Vygotsky著,李維譯,《思維與語言》 (Thought and Language)(台北:桂冠出版社,1989)。

報紙:
​註號   作者,〈標題〉,《報紙名稱》,年月日,版頁。 
1   楊耀忠,〈教改為提升學生質素〉,《大公報》,1999年12月15日,頁A03。

電子資料:
註號   作者姓名,〈篇名〉。取自資料庫或電子期刊等名稱:網址,下載日期。
1   李希光,〈新媒體新聞學:講故事的新環境〉。取自清華大學國際傳播研究中心網站:http://www.media.tsinghua.edu.cn,2003年5月30日。

參考文獻 (論文最後部份)
李培德,《近代中國的商會網路及社會功能》。香港:香港大學出版社,2009。
李沛良,〈香港家庭與親屬體系的變遷〉。載喬健等編:《中國家庭及其變遷》。香港:香港中文大學社會科學院暨香港亞太研究所,1991,頁129–43。
李維譯,Lev S. Vygotsky著,《思維與語言》(Thought and Language)。台北:桂冠出版社,1989。
李希光,〈新媒體新聞學:講故事的新環境〉。取自清華大學國際傳播研究中心網站:http://www.media.tsinghua.edu.cn,2003年5月30日。
馬傑偉、吳俊雄、呂大樂編,《香港文化政治》。香港:香港大學出版社,2009。
吳青蓉,《英語科專家/生手教師教學歷程與教學效果之比較研究》。台北:國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,1996。
楊耀忠,〈教改為提升學生質素〉,《大公報》,1999年12月15日,頁A03。
What is RefWorks?
ProQuest RefWorks is a web-based research management tool that allow users to:
  • build and manage personal citation databases
  • import references from various databases available via the Library
  • generate bibliographies in a variety of citation styles
  • create in-text citations
  • export bibliographies in several document types
What is EndNote?
EndNote is a bibliographical management software package designed to help you to organize bibliographic references and create a bibliography. EndNote allows you to search, retrieve relevant citations, and build your bibliography, all within one program.

Note: Users working on-campus can access EndNote from all public PCs (Except 15mins Express Printing Stations) available in Library (2/F-6/F).
Download EndNote 21 and link for EndNote 21 Web
Choose the operating system (OS) of your computer to download. Additionally, please open the "Installation & User Guide", which contains a link to the "HKSYU Connection File" for connecting to the HKSYU license.

Windows
EndNote 21 (Windows) [Installation & User Guide for Windows] ​
Mac
EndNote 21 (macOS) [Installation & User Guide for MacOS]
*If you cannot download the file, please use the mouse right click, and choose "save link as..."

Endnote 21 Web, please watch the below video to register EndNote21 Online account
Link: EndNote 21 Web

If you are using the old version of EndNote Web, you can still access and use the EndNote Online Classic
Link: EndNote Online Classic (Formerly EndNote Web)
EndNote 21 New Features
  1. Recover a lost or damaged library with ease
  2. Protect Your Work With Data Restoration Function
  3. Stay Organized with Tags
  4. New Exclusive EndNote Web Interface
  5. EndNote: Word Online CWYW
  6. Cite While You Write in Google Docs™
Step by step download and register EndNote21 Web
Contact Us
  libinfo@hksyu.edu
   28065113
  @hksyulib
  @hksyulib